BBH Chapter 24 · Niphal Strong Verbs
For each Hebrew form, identify: (1) Stem (Qal or Niphal), (2) Conjugation, (3) PGN (write — for non-finite), (4) Root.
| # | Hebrew | Stem | Conjugation | PGN | Root | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | קָטַל | |||||
| Qal | Perfect | 3ms | קטל — The paradigm root; Qal Perfect 3ms is the dictionary form. | |||
| 2 | נִקְטַל | |||||
| Niphal | Perfect | 3ms | קטל — נִ prefix + Pathach under second root letter is the Niphal Perfect 3ms signature. | |||
| 3 | שָׁמַר | |||||
| Qal | Perfect | 3ms | שׁמר — Qamets under first root letter, Pathach under second: standard Qal Perfect 3ms. | |||
| 4 | נִשְׁמַר | |||||
| Niphal | Perfect | 3ms | שׁמר — נִ prefix signals Niphal; Shewa under shin because nun has closed the syllable before it. | |||
| 5 | מָכַר | |||||
| Qal | Perfect | 3ms | מכר — to sell. | |||
| 6 | נִמְכַּר | |||||
| Niphal | Perfect | 3ms | מכר — "he was sold"; dagesh forte in כּ is characteristic of some Niphal Perfect forms with certain roots. | |||
| 7 | כָּרַת | |||||
| Qal | Perfect | 3ms | כרת — to cut (a covenant). | |||
| 8 | נִכְרַת | |||||
| Niphal | Perfect | 3ms | כרת — "he/it was cut off"; common in legal formulas (כָּרֵת penalty). | |||
| 9 | יִשְׁמֹר | |||||
| Qal | Imperfect | 3ms | שׁמר — יִ prefix + Shewa under first root letter + Holem (ō) theme vowel = Qal Imperfect. | |||
| 10 | יִשָּׁמֵר | |||||
| Niphal | Imperfect | 3ms | שׁמר — dagesh forte in שּׁ (assimilated nun from נִ) + Tsere (ē) theme vowel = Niphal Imperfect signature. | |||
| 11 | יִמָּכֵר | |||||
| Niphal | Imperfect | 3ms | מכר — dagesh forte in מּ + Qamets + Tsere = Niphal Imperfect. "he will be sold." | |||
| 12 | יִמְכֹּר | |||||
| Qal | Imperfect | 3ms | מכר — Shewa under מ (no dagesh), Holem theme vowel = Qal Imperfect. "he will sell." | |||
| 13 | וַיִּשְׁמֹר | |||||
| Qal | Wayyiqtol | 3ms | שׁמר — וַיִּ + Shewa + Holem = Qal Wayyiqtol (waw-consecutive + imperfect). | |||
| 14 | וַיִּשָּׁמֵר | |||||
| Niphal | Wayyiqtol | 3ms | שׁמר — וַיִּ + dagesh forte in שּׁ + Tsere = Niphal Wayyiqtol. "and he guarded himself / was guarded." | |||
| 15 | וַיִּמָּכֵר | |||||
| Niphal | Wayyiqtol | 3ms | מכר — dagesh forte in מּ + Tsere = Niphal Wayyiqtol. "and he was sold" (Gen 37:36). | |||
| 16 | וַיִּמְכֹּר | |||||
| Qal | Wayyiqtol | 3ms | מכר — no dagesh in מ, Holem theme vowel = Qal Wayyiqtol. "and he sold." | |||
| 17 | שְׁמֹר | |||||
| Qal | Imperative | 2ms | שׁמר — Shewa under first root letter, Holem theme vowel; no prefix. "Keep! / Guard!" | |||
| 18 | הִשָּׁמֵר | |||||
| Niphal | Imperative 2ms or Inf. Absolute | 2ms / | · שׁמר — הִ prefix + dagesh forte in שּׁ + Tsere: these two Niphal forms are identical. Context determines which is intended. "Watch out! / Beware!" (Deut 6:12). | |||
| 19 | שָׁמוֹר | |||||
| Qal | Inf. Absolute · | · שׁמר — Qamets under first root letter, ō (vav) vowel letter in second syllable = Qal Inf. Absolute pattern. | ||||
| 20 | הִשָּׁמֵר | |||||
| Niphal | Inf. Absolute or Imperative 2ms · | / 2ms · שׁמר — Same form as #18. Both analyses are correct; see context. | ||||
| 21 | הִנָּתֵן | |||||
| Niphal | Inf. Absolute · | · נתן — הִ prefix; the I-נ root's nun assimilates into the following נּ via dagesh forte. "to be given." | ||||
| 22 | נָתוֹן | |||||
| Qal | Inf. Absolute · | · נתן — Qamets under first root letter, ō (vav) vowel letter = Qal Inf. Absolute. "to give." | ||||
| 23 | שֹׁמֵר | |||||
| Qal | Participle | ms | שׁמר — Holem under first root letter, Tsere under second = Qal Active Participle ms. "one who keeps / a guard." | |||
| 24 | נִשְׁמָר | |||||
| Niphal | Participle | ms | שׁמר — נִ prefix + Qamets under second root letter = Niphal Participle ms. "one being kept / guarded." |