BBH Chapter 32 · Pual Strong Verbs
The Pual is the passive of the Piel. The defining Pual diagnostic: Qibbuts (ֻ) under R1 + Dagesh Forte in R2.
Part A: Active/passive pairs — identify stem, parse, translate.
Part B: Mixed Piel / Pual / Hiphil / Hophal — identify stem, then parse fully.
| Stem | R1 vowel (perfect 3ms) | R2 | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Piel | Hiriq (קִ) or Pathach (קַ) | Dagesh Forte | Active |
| Pual | Qibbuts (קֻ) | Dagesh Forte | Passive of Piel |
| Hiphil | Hiriq under הִ | No extra dagesh | Active causative |
| Hophal | Qibbuts/Qamets-hateph under הֻ/הָ | No extra dagesh | Passive of Hiphil |
| # | Form | Reference | Stem | Conjugation | PGN | Translation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | תְּבָרֵךְ | Num 22:6 | |||||
| Piel | Imperfect | 2ms | "you bless" · Tsere as Piel stem vowel; ר rejects dagesh → compensatory lengthening to Tsere; active; context: Balak to Balaam "whom you bless is blessed" | ||||
| 2 | מְבֹרָךְ | Num 22:6 | |||||
| Pual | Participle | ms | "is blessed" · Pual passive participle; Qibbuts expected under ב (R1) but ר (R2) rejects dagesh forte → vowel compensatorily lengthened to Qamets (ָ) under ר |
| # | Form | Reference | Stem | Conjugation | PGN | Translation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | וְקִדַּשְׁתָּ | Exo 29:36 | |||||
| Piel | Weqatal | 2ms | "and you shall consecrate" · hiriq under ק + dagesh forte in ד; Piel active weqatal with ו conjunction | ||||
| 4 | יְקֻדַּשׁ | Exo 29:37 | |||||
| Pual | Imperfect | 3ms | "it will be consecrated" · Qibbuts under ק + dagesh forte in ד — the classic Pual signature; passive of Piel |
| # | Form | Reference | Stem | Conjugation | PGN | Translation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | יְכַסֶּה | Exo 10:5 | |||||
| Piel | Imperfect | 3ms | "he will cover" · Pathach under כ + dagesh forte in ס; III-he Piel imperfect: Seghol + ה ending; active | ||||
| 6 | יְכֻסּוּ | Gen 7:19 | |||||
| Pual | Imperfect | 3mp | "they were covered" · Qibbuts under כ + dagesh forte in ס; III-he Pual 3mp: Shureq ending; passive (the mountains were covered) |
| # | Form | Reference | Stem | Conjugation | PGN | Translation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | שִׁנַּנְתָּם | Deu 6:7 | |||||
| Piel | Perfect | 2ms + 3mp suffix | "you shall teach them diligently" · hiriq under שׁ + dagesh forte in נ; Piel active perfect + pronominal suffix; the great Shema command | ||||
| 8 | שֻׁנָּן | (expected) | |||||
| Pual | Perfect | 3ms | "it has been sharpened/taught" · Qibbuts under שׁ + dagesh forte in נ; Pual passive of Piel שִׁנֵּן; expected passive of Deu 6:7 command |
| # | Form | Reference | Stem | Conjugation | PGN | Translation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | יּוֹלֶד | Gen 5:3 | |||||
| Hiphil | Wayyiqtol | 3ms | "and he fathered/begat" · I-yod root: הוֹ prefix contracts with wayyiqtol prefix; Holem Waw visible; active causative; used throughout Genesis genealogies | ||||
| 10 | יֻלַּד | Gen 4:18 | |||||
| Pual | Perfect | 3ms | "was born/begotten" · Qibbuts under י + dagesh forte in ל; Pual passive; used in genealogies alongside the Hiphil active counterpart |
Identify the stem first (Piel / Pual / Hiphil / Hophal), then parse fully.
| # | Form | Reference | Stem | Conjugation | PGN | Root | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11 | מְבֹרָךְ | Num 22:6 | |||||
| Pual | Participle | ms | בָּרַךְ · is/was blessed; Pual passive participle; ר rejects dagesh → Qamets compensatorily under ר | ||||
| 12 | תְּבָרֵךְ | Num 22:6 | |||||
| Piel | Imperfect | 2ms | בָּרַךְ · you bless; Tsere stem vowel; ר rejects dagesh; active; contrast with Pual מְבֹרָךְ just above it in the text | ||||
| 13 | יֻלַּד | Gen 4:18 | |||||
| Pual | Perfect | 3ms | יָלַד · was born; Qibbuts under י + dagesh forte in ל; Pual passive of causative "beget" | ||||
| 14 | יְכֻלּוּ | Gen 2:1 | |||||
| Pual | Wayyiqtol | 3mp | כָּלָה · were finished/completed; Qibbuts under כ + dagesh forte in ל; III-he Pual 3mp (Shureq ending); "the heavens and earth were completed" | ||||
| 15 | יְכַסֶּה | Exo 10:5 | |||||
| Piel | Imperfect | 3ms | כָּסָה · he will cover; Pathach under כ + dagesh forte in ס; III-he Seghol + ה ending; active | ||||
| 16 | יְכֻסּוּ | Gen 7:19 | |||||
| Pual | Imperfect | 3mp | כָּסָה · they were covered; Qibbuts under כ; Pual passive; Shureq 3mp; the flood narrative: all mountains were covered | ||||
| 17 | יְבָרֵךְ | Gen 1:22 | |||||
| Piel | Wayyiqtol | 3ms | בָּרַךְ · and he blessed; Pathach under prefix; Tsere stem vowel (ר rejects dagesh → lengthened); active; God's first blessing in creation | ||||
| 18 | יֻּגַּד | Gen 22:20 | |||||
| Hophal | Imperfect | 3ms | נָגַד · it was told; Qibbuts under יּ (Hophal imperfect prefix); dagesh forte in ג is from I-nun assimilation (not Piel dagesh); Hophal: no separate Piel active implied; "and it was told to Abraham..." | ||||
| 19 | וַיְקַדֵּשׁ | Exo 19:14 | |||||
| Piel | Wayyiqtol | 3ms | קָדַשׁ · and he consecrated; Pathach under ק + dagesh forte in ד; Piel active; Moses consecrated the people at Sinai | ||||
| 20 | יְקֻדַּשׁ | Exo 29:37 | |||||
| Pual | Imperfect | 3ms | קָדַשׁ · it will be consecrated; Qibbuts under ק + dagesh forte in ד — the Pual textbook example; everything touching the altar will be consecrated | ||||
| 21 | שִׁנַּנְתָּם | Deu 6:7 | |||||
| Piel | Perfect | 2ms + 3mp obj. suffix | שָׁנַן · you shall teach them diligently; hiriq under שׁ + dagesh forte in נ; Piel active; pronominal suffix refers to "these words" | ||||
| 22 | קֻדַּשׁ | Exo 29:21 | |||||
| Pual | Perfect | 3ms | קָדַשׁ · it was consecrated; Qibbuts under ק + dagesh forte in ד; Pual passive perfect 3ms | ||||
| 23 | הוּקַם | Exo 40:17 | |||||
| Hophal | Perfect | 3ms | קוּם · it was set up; הוּ Hophal prefix (Holem Waw under ה); biconsonantal root קוּם; NOT Pual — no dagesh forte in R2; "the tabernacle was erected" | ||||
| 24 | הִקְדִּישׁ | Lev 27:14 | |||||
| Hiphil | Perfect | 3ms | קָדַשׁ · he dedicated/consecrated; הִ Hiphil prefix + hiriq-yod medial; active causative; a man "who dedicates his house to the LORD" | ||||
| 25 | כֻּסָּה | Exo 15:5 | |||||
| Pual | Perfect | 3ms | כָּסָה · it was covered; Qibbuts under כ + dagesh forte in ס; III-he Pual perfect 3ms (Qamets + ה ending); Song of the Sea: "the deep covered them" |