Hiphil Weak Verbs — I-נ and I-י Paradigms¶
Full conjugation tables for Pe-Nun and Pe-Yod roots in the Hiphil stem. Part 1: I-נ (Pe-Nun) — roots נָגַשׁ (bring near) and נָפַל (cause to fall) Part 2: I-י (Pe-Yod/Vav) — roots יָרַד (bring down) and יָצָא (bring out) Each section shows the strong root (קטל) alongside the weak paradigm for direct comparison. Attested forms drawn from MACULA Hebrew WLC.
Part 1 — I-נ (Pe-Nun) Hiphil¶
In the Hiphil, I-נ roots show assimilation of the root נ (R1) into R2 in the conjugations where the Hiphil prefix brings the נ into contact with R2. This occurs in the imperfect, wayyiqtol, imperative, and infinitive construct. In the perfect and participle, the הִ/מַ prefix insulates R1, so no assimilation occurs — the נ is visible.
Perfect (Qatal) — I-נ¶
The Pattern¶
The perfect prefix הִ precedes R1 directly. With R1 = נ, the נ is NOT assimilated in the perfect: the full root is visible. The characteristic chiriq-yod appears in the penultimate syllable: הִגִּישׁ / הִפִּיל — wait, in the perfect the נ IS assimilated because it stands between the הִ prefix and R2 (the dagesh-prone position). The נ assimilates into R2 with dagesh forte across the full perfect paradigm.
Clarification: I-נ assimilation occurs throughout the Hiphil, including the perfect. The הִ prefix + נ + R2 cluster causes the נ to assimilate into R2: הִנְגִּישׁ → הִגִּישׁ. The dagesh forte in R2 is therefore the defining marker in every conjugation.
| Person | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נגשׁ) | I-נ (נפל) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3ms | הִקְטִיל | הִגִּישׁ | הִפִּיל |
| 3fs | הִקְטִילָה | הִגִּישָׁה | הִפִּילָה |
| 3cp | הִקְטִילוּ | הִגִּישׁוּ | הִפִּילוּ |
| 2ms | הִקְטַלְתָּ | הִגַּשְׁתָּ | הִפַּלְתָּ |
| 2fs | הִקְטַלְתְּ | הִגַּשְׁתְּ | הִפַּלְתְּ |
| 2mp | הִקְטַלְתֶּם | הִגַּשְׁתֶּם | הִפַּלְתֶּם |
| 2fp | הִקְטַלְתֶּן | הִגַּשְׁתֶּן | הִפַּלְתֶּן |
| 1cs | הִקְטַלְתִּי | הִגַּשְׁתִּי | הִפַּלְתִּי |
| 1cp | הִקְטַלְנוּ | הִגַּשְׁנוּ | הִפַּלְנוּ |
Key: Dagesh forte in R2 throughout the entire Hiphil paradigm — נ has fully assimilated. If you see הִגִּישׁ and wonder why R2 has dagesh, the root is נגשׁ.
Attested passages: - הִגִּישׁ (Amos 9:13) — "the one who plows shall overtake the reaper" - הִפִּיל (Gen 2:21) — "the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man" - הִגַּשְׁתֶּם (Mal 1:7) — "by offering polluted food upon my altar"
Imperfect (Yiqtol) — I-נ¶
The Pattern¶
The prefix יַ + נ + R2 sequence assimilates the נ into R2. Same as the perfect: dagesh forte in R2. No trace of the root נ in the spelling.
| Person | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נגשׁ) | I-נ (נפל) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3ms | יַקְטִיל | יַגִּישׁ | יַפִּיל |
| 3fs | תַּקְטִיל | תַּגִּישׁ | תַּפִּיל |
| 3mp | יַקְטִילוּ | יַגִּישׁוּ | יַפִּילוּ |
| 3fp | תַּקְטֵלְנָה | תַּגֵּשְׁנָה | תַּפֵּלְנָה |
| 2ms | תַּקְטִיל | תַּגִּישׁ | תַּפִּיל |
| 2mp | תַּקְטִילוּ | תַּגִּישׁוּ | תַּפִּילוּ |
| 1cs | אַקְטִיל | אַגִּישׁ | אַפִּיל |
| 1cp | נַקְטִיל | נַגִּישׁ | נַפִּיל |
Key: Patach prefix (יַ) + dagesh forte in R2 + chiriq-yod — clean three-marker pattern.
Attested passages: - יַפִּיל (Pro 19:15) — "slothfulness casts into a deep sleep" - יַגִּישׁ (Mal 1:8) — "when you offer blind animals in sacrifice, is that not evil?"
Wayyiqtol — I-נ¶
The Pattern¶
Standard Hiphil wayyiqtol pattern with dagesh forte in R2.
| Person | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נגשׁ) | I-נ (נפל) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3ms | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיַּגֵּשׁ | וַיַּפֵּל |
| 3fs | וַתַּקְטֵל | וַתַּגֵּשׁ | וַתַּפֵּל |
| 3mp | וַיַּקְטִילוּ | וַיַּגִּישׁוּ | וַיַּפִּילוּ |
| 2ms | וַתַּקְטֵל | וַתַּגֵּשׁ | וַתַּפֵּל |
| 1cs | וָאַקְטֵל | וָאַגֵּשׁ | וָאַפֵּל |
Key: וַיַּ prefix + dagesh forte in R2 + tsere final — the dagesh is the proof of I-נ.
Attested passages: - וַיַּגֵּשׁ (Gen 18:23) — "Abraham drew near and said" - וַיַּפֵּל (Gen 2:21) — "he caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man"
Weqatal — I-נ¶
The Pattern¶
Weqatal = וְ + perfect. Dagesh forte in R2 throughout.
| Person | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נפל) |
|---|---|---|
| 3ms | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהִפִּיל |
| 2ms | וְהִקְטַלְתָּ | וְהִפַּלְתָּ |
| 1cs | וְהִקְטַלְתִּי | וְהִפַּלְתִּי |
Imperative — I-נ¶
The Pattern¶
הַ prefix + dagesh forte in R2 + tsere (2ms).
| Form | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נגשׁ) | I-נ (נפל) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2ms | הַקְטֵל | הַגֵּשׁ | הַפֵּל |
| 2fs | הַקְטִילִי | הַגִּישִׁי | הַפִּילִי |
| 2mp | הַקְטִילוּ | הַגִּישׁוּ | הַפִּילוּ |
| 2fp | הַקְטֵלְנָה | הַגֵּשְׁנָה | הַפֵּלְנָה |
Key: Dagesh forte in R2 across all imperative forms.
Attested passages: - הַגֵּשׁ (Gen 27:25) — "bring it to me, that I may eat of my son's game" - הַפֵּל (2 Sam 20:21) — "throw his head over the wall to us"
Infinitive Construct — I-נ¶
The Pattern¶
הַ prefix + dagesh forte in R2 + chiriq-yod final.
| Form | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נגשׁ) | I-נ (נפל) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Base | הַקְטִיל | הַגִּישׁ | הַפִּיל |
| With לְ | לְהַקְטִיל | לְהַגִּישׁ | לְהַפִּיל |
Key: Identical to the perfect 3ms in vocalization (הַגִּישׁ vs. הִגִּישׁ) — distinguished only by the prefix vowel (patach הַ in inf. construct, hiriq הִ in perfect).
Attested passages: - לְהַגִּישׁ (Mal 1:7) — "by offering polluted food on my altar" - לְהַפִּיל (Num 33:54) — "to divide the land as an inheritance"
Infinitive Absolute — I-נ¶
The Pattern¶
הַ prefix + dagesh forte in R2 + tsere final.
| Form | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נפל) |
|---|---|---|
| Standard | הַקְטֵל | הַפֵּל |
Participle — I-נ¶
The Pattern¶
מַ prefix + dagesh forte in R2 + chiriq-yod.
| Form | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נגשׁ) | I-נ (נפל) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ms | מַקְטִיל | מַגִּישׁ | מַפִּיל |
| fs | מַקְטֶלֶת | מַגֶּשֶׁת | מַפֶּלֶת |
| mp | מַקְטִילִים | מַגִּישִׁים | מַפִּילִים |
| fp | מַקְטִילוֹת | מַגִּישׁוֹת | מַפִּילוֹת |
Key: מַ + dagesh forte in R2 — always reveals I-נ assimilation.
Attested passages: - מַגִּישׁ (Mal 1:7) — "you are defiling [the altar] when you say the table of the LORD may be despised" - מַפִּיל (†) — expected; attested in liturgical/poetic texts
Summary — I-נ Hiphil at a Glance¶
| Conjugation | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נגשׁ) | Key feature |
|---|---|---|---|
| Perfect | הִקְטִיל | הִגִּישׁ | Dagesh forte in R2; נ invisible |
| Imperfect | יַקְטִיל | יַגִּישׁ | Patach prefix + dagesh in R2 |
| Wayyiqtol | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיַּגֵּשׁ | Dagesh in R2 + tsere final |
| Weqatal | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהִגִּישׁ | Same as perfect |
| Imperative | הַקְטֵל | הַגֵּשׁ | Dagesh in R2 + tsere (2ms) |
| Inf. Construct | הַקְטִיל | הַגִּישׁ | Patach under הַ distinguishes from perfect |
| Inf. Absolute | הַקְטֵל | הַגֵּשׁ | Same as imperative 2ms |
| Participle | מַקְטִיל | מַגִּישׁ | מַ + dagesh in R2 + chiriq-yod |
Part 2 — I-י (Pe-Yod/Vav) Hiphil¶
Many Biblical Hebrew roots that appear as I-י in other stems are historically I-ו (Pe-Vav). In the Hiphil, these roots use הוֹ- as the perfect prefix (holem-vav under ה) and יוֹ- as the imperfect prefix. This is the single most reliable diagnostic for this class. A small group of true I-י roots (e.g., יָטַב → הֵיטִיב) use a different pattern, but הוֹ- / יוֹ- covers the majority of I-י/ו roots encountered in BBH Ch27.
Perfect (Qatal) — I-י¶
The Pattern¶
The strong Hiphil perfect prefix is הִ (hiriq). For I-י/ו roots, the prefix vowel is holem-vav: הוֹרִיד, הוֹצִיא. The root's first radical (י or ו) is suppressed — only R2 and R3 appear after the prefix. The characteristic Hiphil chiriq-yod appears in the final syllable.
| Person | Strong (קטל) | I-י (ירד) | I-י (יצא) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3ms | הִקְטִיל | הוֹרִיד | הוֹצִיא |
| 3fs | הִקְטִילָה | הוֹרִידָה | הוֹצִיאָה |
| 3cp | הִקְטִילוּ | הוֹרִידוּ | הוֹצִיאוּ |
| 2ms | הִקְטַלְתָּ | הוֹרַדְתָּ | הוֹצֵאתָ |
| 2fs | הִקְטַלְתְּ | הוֹרַדְתְּ | הוֹצֵאת |
| 2mp | הִקְטַלְתֶּם | הוֹרַדְתֶּם | הוֹצֵאתֶם |
| 2fp | הִקְטַלְתֶּן | הוֹרַדְתֶּן | הוֹצֵאתֶן |
| 1cs | הִקְטַלְתִּי | הוֹרַדְתִּי | הוֹצֵאתִי |
| 1cp | הִקְטַלְנוּ | הוֹרַדְנוּ | הוֹצֵאנוּ |
Key: הוֹ prefix (holem-vav) instead of הִ (hiriq) — the most distinctive marker of I-י/ו Hiphil. Once you see הוֹ-, identify the class immediately.
Attested passages: - הוֹצִיא (Gen 15:7) — "I am the LORD who brought you out from Ur of the Chaldeans" - הוֹרִיד (Gen 39:1) — "Joseph had been brought down to Egypt" (Hophal form; Hiphil הוֹרִיד attested at Gen 42:38) - הוֹצֵאתִי (Exo 20:2) — "I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt" - הוֹרַדְתֶּם (Gen 44:29) — "you would bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to Sheol"
Imperfect (Yiqtol) — I-י¶
The Pattern¶
The imperfect prefix is יוֹ- (holem-vav under the prefix consonant): יוֹרִיד, יוֹצִיא. The R1 of the root is again suppressed. The Hiphil chiriq-yod appears in the final syllable.
| Person | Strong (קטל) | I-י (ירד) | I-י (יצא) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3ms | יַקְטִיל | יוֹרִיד | יוֹצִיא |
| 3fs | תַּקְטִיל | תּוֹרִיד | תּוֹצִיא |
| 3mp | יַקְטִילוּ | יוֹרִידוּ | יוֹצִיאוּ |
| 3fp | תַּקְטֵלְנָה | תּוֹרֵדְנָה | תּוֹצֶאנָה |
| 2ms | תַּקְטִיל | תּוֹרִיד | תּוֹצִיא |
| 2fs | תַּקְטִילִי | תּוֹרִידִי | תּוֹצִיאִי |
| 2mp | תַּקְטִילוּ | תּוֹרִידוּ | תּוֹצִיאוּ |
| 1cs | אַקְטִיל | אוֹרִיד | אוֹצִיא |
| 1cp | נַקְטִיל | נוֹרִיד | נוֹצִיא |
Key: יוֹ- / תּוֹ- / אוֹ- / נוֹ- prefix (holem-vav) — immediately identifies I-י/ו Hiphil imperfect.
Attested passages: - יוֹרִיד (1 Sam 2:6) — "the LORD kills and brings to life; he brings down to Sheol and raises up" - יוֹצִיא (Exo 6:7) — "I will bring you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians" - אוֹצִיא (†) — expected 1cs form
Wayyiqtol — I-י¶
The Pattern¶
The wayyiqtol of I-י/ו Hiphil contracts further: וַיּ + holem-vav → וַיּוֹ. The dagesh forte in י results from the contraction of וַ + י. Final tsere is standard Hiphil wayyiqtol.
| Person | Strong (קטל) | I-י (ירד) | I-י (יצא) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3ms | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיּוֹרֶד | וַיּוֹצֵא |
| 3fs | וַתַּקְטֵל | וַתּוֹרֶד | וַתּוֹצֵא |
| 3mp | וַיַּקְטִילוּ | וַיּוֹרִידוּ | וַיּוֹצִיאוּ |
| 2ms | וַתַּקְטֵל | וַתּוֹרֶד | וַתּוֹצֵא |
| 1cs | וָאַקְטֵל | וָאוֹרֶד | וָאוֹצֵא |
Key: וַיּוֹ- prefix (dagesh in י + holem-vav) is unique to I-י/ו Hiphil wayyiqtol.
Attested passages: - וַיּוֹצֵא (Gen 1:12) — "the earth brought forth vegetation" - וַיּוֹרֶד (Gen 42:38) — "you would bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to Sheol"
Weqatal — I-י¶
The Pattern¶
Weqatal = וְ + perfect. הוֹ prefix pattern throughout.
| Person | Strong (קטל) | I-י (יצא) |
|---|---|---|
| 3ms | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהוֹצִיא |
| 2ms | וְהִקְטַלְתָּ | וְהוֹצֵאתָ |
| 1cs | וְהִקְטַלְתִּי | וְהוֹצֵאתִי |
Imperative — I-י¶
The Pattern¶
The strong Hiphil imperative 2ms is הַקְטֵל. For I-י/ו: הוֹרֵד / הוֹצֵא (holem-vav under ה + tsere final).
| Form | Strong (קטל) | I-י (ירד) | I-י (יצא) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2ms | הַקְטֵל | הוֹרֵד | הוֹצֵא |
| 2fs | הַקְטִילִי | הוֹרִידִי | הוֹצִיאִי |
| 2mp | הַקְטִילוּ | הוֹרִידוּ | הוֹצִיאוּ |
| 2fp | הַקְטֵלְנָה | הוֹרֵדְנָה | הוֹצֶאנָה |
Key: הוֹ prefix in imperative (not הַ) — strong diagnostic distinguishing I-י/ו from strong Hiphil imperative.
Attested passages: - הוֹצֵא (Exo 12:31) — "Rise up, go out from among my people" - הוֹרֵד (Gen 42:37) — "Put him in my hands, and I will bring him back to you"
Infinitive Construct — I-י¶
The Pattern¶
הוֹרִיד / הוֹצִיא — identical in form to the perfect 3ms. Context distinguishes.
| Form | Strong (קטל) | I-י (ירד) | I-י (יצא) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Base | הַקְטִיל | הוֹרִיד | הוֹצִיא |
| With לְ | לְהַקְטִיל | לְהוֹרִיד | לְהוֹצִיא |
| With בְּ | בְּהַקְטִיל | בְּהוֹרִיד | בְּהוֹצִיא |
Key: הוֹ prefix + chiriq-yod — same shape as perfect 3ms; preposition prefix context identifies as inf. construct.
Attested passages: - לְהוֹצִיא (Exo 3:10) — "I will send you to Pharaoh that you may bring my people out of Egypt" - לְהוֹרִיד (†) — expected form
Infinitive Absolute — I-י¶
The Pattern¶
הוֹרֵד / הוֹצֵא (holem-vav + tsere final).
| Form | Strong (קטל) | I-י (ירד) | I-י (יצא) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | הַקְטֵל | הוֹרֵד | הוֹצֵא |
Participle — I-י¶
The Pattern¶
The strong Hiphil participle is מַקְטִיל (מַ prefix). For I-י/ו: מוֹרִיד / מוֹצִיא (מוֹ prefix — holem-vav under מ).
| Form | Strong (קטל) | I-י (ירד) | I-י (יצא) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ms | מַקְטִיל | מוֹרִיד | מוֹצִיא |
| fs | מַקְטֶלֶת | מוֹרֶדֶת | מוֹצִיאָה |
| mp | מַקְטִילִים | מוֹרִידִים | מוֹצִיאִים |
| fp | מַקְטִילוֹת | מוֹרִידוֹת | מוֹצִיאוֹת |
Key: מוֹ prefix (not מַ) — holem-vav under מ uniquely identifies I-י/ו Hiphil participle.
Attested passages: - מוֹצִיא (Deu 8:14) — "the LORD your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt" - מוֹרִיד (1 Sam 2:6) — "he brings down to Sheol and raises up"
Summary — I-י Hiphil at a Glance¶
| Conjugation | Strong (קטל) | I-י (ירד) | Key feature |
|---|---|---|---|
| Perfect | הִקְטִיל | הוֹרִיד | הוֹ prefix (holem-vav) |
| Imperfect | יַקְטִיל | יוֹרִיד | יוֹ prefix (holem-vav) |
| Wayyiqtol | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיּוֹרֶד | וַיּוֹ — dagesh in י + holem-vav |
| Weqatal | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהוֹרִיד | וְ + הוֹ prefix |
| Imperative | הַקְטֵל | הוֹרֵד | הוֹ prefix (not הַ); tsere final |
| Inf. Construct | הַקְטִיל | הוֹרִיד | Same form as perfect 3ms |
| Inf. Absolute | הַקְטֵל | הוֹרֵד | הוֹ + tsere |
| Participle | מַקְטִיל | מוֹרִיד | מוֹ prefix (not מַ) |
Overall Comparison — I-נ vs. I-י Hiphil¶
| Conjugation | Strong (קטל) | I-נ (נגשׁ) | I-י (ירד) | I-י (יצא) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perfect | הִקְטִיל | הִגִּישׁ | הוֹרִיד | הוֹצִיא |
| Imperfect | יַקְטִיל | יַגִּישׁ | יוֹרִיד | יוֹצִיא |
| Wayyiqtol | וַיַּקְטֵל | וַיַּגֵּשׁ | וַיּוֹרֶד | וַיּוֹצֵא |
| Weqatal | וְהִקְטִיל | וְהִגִּישׁ | וְהוֹרִיד | וְהוֹצִיא |
| Imperative | הַקְטֵל | הַגֵּשׁ | הוֹרֵד | הוֹצֵא |
| Inf. Construct | הַקְטִיל | הַגִּישׁ | הוֹרִיד | הוֹצִיא |
| Inf. Absolute | הַקְטֵל | הַגֵּשׁ | הוֹרֵד | הוֹצֵא |
| Participle | מַקְטִיל | מַגִּישׁ | מוֹרִיד | מוֹצִיא |
Distinguishing I-נ from I-י: - I-נ: dagesh forte in R2 (the assimilated נ is hidden inside R2); prefix vowels are otherwise standard Hiphil (hiriq perfect, patach imperfect) - I-י: holem-vav (וֹ) in the prefix syllable throughout the paradigm — הוֹ, יוֹ, מוֹ