Hophal Paradigm Tables — הוּמַת / יֻקַּם¶
Hophal paradigm root: מוּת (to die → to be put to death) — strong biconsonantal, paradigm of the passive causative Alternative root: נָקַם (to avenge → to be avenged) — demonstrates the u-vowel under prefix
Perfect (Qatal)¶
| Person | Qal (ref.) | Hophal (מות) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3ms | קָטַל | הוּמַת | הֻ prefix + Patach under R2 |
| 3fs | קָטְלָה | הוּמְתָה | |
| 2ms | קָטַלְתָּ | הוּמַתָּ | |
| 2fs | קָטַלְתְּ | הוּמַתְּ | |
| 1cs | קָטַלְתִּי | הוּמַתִּי | |
| 3cp | קָטְלוּ | הוּמְתוּ | |
| 2mp | קְטַלְתֶּם | הוּמַתֶּם | |
| 2fp | קְטַלְתֶּן | הוּמַתֶּן | |
| 1cp | קָטַלְנוּ | הוּמַתְנוּ |
Key marker: הוּ prefix (he + shureq) + Patach under R2 in 3ms. The שׁוּ/הוּ prefix vowel is the definitive Hophal Perfect marker — compare Hiphil הִ prefix and Niphal נִ prefix.
Imperfect (Yiqtol)¶
| Person | Qal (ref.) | Hophal | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3ms | יִקְטֹל | יוּמַת | יֻ/יוּ prefix + Patach under R2 |
| 3fs | תִּקְטֹל | תּוּמַת | |
| 2ms | תִּקְטֹל | תּוּמַת | |
| 2fs | תִּקְטְלִי | תּוּמְתִי | |
| 1cs | אֶקְטֹל | אוּמַת | |
| 3mp | יִקְטְלוּ | יוּמְתוּ | |
| 3fp | תִּקְטֹלְנָה | תּוּמַתְנָה | |
| 2mp | תִּקְטְלוּ | תּוּמְתוּ | |
| 2fp | תִּקְטֹלְנָה | תּוּמַתְנָה | |
| 1cp | נִקְטֹל | נוּמַת |
Key marker: יוּ/תוּ/אוּ/נוּ prefix (shureq under prefix consonant) + Patach under R2. Contrast Hiphil יַ/תַּ prefix. The Hophal Imperfect can also take Qibbuts (יֻקַּם) in some forms — both shureq and qibbuts are Hophal markers.
Wayyiqtol¶
| Person | Hophal | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 3ms | וַיּוּמַת | וַיּ + Hophal Imperfect; note geminate prefix |
| 3fs | וַתּוּמַת | |
| 3mp | וַיּוּמְתוּ | |
| 3cp | וַיּוּמְתוּ |
Key marker: וַיּ + Shureq under the prefix consonant. The doubling (dagesh in the prefix letter) is the usual Wayyiqtol assimilation of the vav.
Weqatal¶
| Person | Hophal | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 3ms | וְהוּמַת | וְ + Perfect form |
| 3fs | וְהוּמְתָה | |
| 2ms | וְהוּמַתָּ | |
| 3cp | וְהוּמְתוּ |
Key marker: וְ + Hophal Perfect form. The הוּ prefix is preserved.
Imperative¶
The Hophal has no Imperative. Passive verbs cannot be commanded.
Infinitive Construct¶
| Form | Hophal | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Base | הוּמַת | Rare; same pattern as Perfect 3ms |
| + לְ | לְהוּמַת |
Key marker: Same form as Perfect 3ms. Context distinguishes. Hophal Inf. Construct is rare (7 tokens OT-wide).
Infinitive Absolute¶
| Form | Hophal |
|---|---|
| Standard | הוּמֵת |
Hophal Inf. Absolute takes Tsere under R2 (contrast Perfect Patach). Very rare (6 tokens OT-wide).
Participle¶
| Form | Hophal (passive) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| ms | מוּמָת | מ prefix + Shureq/Qibbuts under R1 + Qamets under R2 |
| fs | מוּמָתֶת | |
| mp | מוּמָתִים | |
| fp | מוּמָתוֹת |
Root נגד — Hophal Participle (more common form)
| Form | Hophal |
|---|---|
| ms | מֻגָּד |
| mp | מֻגָּדִים |
Key marker — Hophal Participle: מ prefix + Shureq (וּ) or Qibbuts (ֻ) under R1 + Qamets (ָ) or Patach under R2. Distinguished from Pual Participle (which also has מ prefix + u-vowel) by: Hophal Participle is the passive of the Causative (Hiphil); Pual is the passive of the Intensive (Piel). Both use מ + u-class vowel under R1.
Summary: Hiphil vs. Hophal at a Glance¶
| Feature | Hiphil (active causative) | Hophal (passive causative) |
|---|---|---|
| Perfect prefix | הִ (Hireq) | הוּ or הֻ (Shureq/Qibbuts) |
| Imperfect prefix vowel | יַ / תַּ (Patach) | יוּ / יֻ (Shureq/Qibbuts) |
| Wayyiqtol prefix | וַיַּ | וַיּוּ |
| Participle prefix | מַ (Patach) | מוּ / מֻ (Shureq/Qibbuts) |
| Imperative | Yes (הַקְטֵל) | No — passive |
| Meaning | Causes action | Passive: caused to undergo action |
The single most reliable Hophal identifier: u-class vowel (Shureq וּ or Qibbuts ֻ) under the prefix consonant.