Hophal Weak Paradigm Tables — הֻפְעַל
Model roots: one per weak class. Hophal strong (קטל) shown in left column for comparison.
All forms follow the u-class prefix rule: Qibbuts (ֻ) or Shureq (וּ) under prefix consonant.
Sources: Attested forms are drawn from the Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible (OSHB). Unattested theoretical forms are derived from standard Hophal morphological rules (Pratico & Van Pelt §29; GKC §67) and are marked †. In paradigm study these theoretical forms represent the expected outputs of the documented phonological rules for each weak root class.
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I-guttural (Pe-Guttural) — Model Root עמד
Perfect (Qatal)
Diagnostic: Qibbuts (הֻ) or o-class (הָ) prefix; composite shewa (hateph-seghol ֱ or hateph-patach ֲ) under guttural R1
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-guttural (עמד) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
הָקְטַל |
הֶעֱמַד |
Seghol under prefix he before ע; hateph-seghol under ע |
| 3fs |
הָקְטְלָה |
הֶעֱמְדָה |
|
| 2ms |
הָקְטַלְתָּ |
הֶעֱמַדְתָּ |
|
| 2fs |
הָקְטַלְתְּ |
הֶעֱמַדְתְּ |
|
| 1cs |
הָקְטַלְתִּי |
הֶעֱמַדְתִּי |
|
| 3cp |
הָקְטְלוּ |
הֶעֱמְדוּ |
|
| 2mp |
הָקְטַלְתֶּם |
הֶעֱמַדְתֶּם |
|
| 2fp |
הָקְטַלְתֶּן |
הֶעֱמַדְתֶּן |
|
| 1cp |
הָקְטַלְנוּ |
הֶעֱמַדְנוּ |
|
Key: The seghol under הֶ before ע (or hateph-seghol under a gutturalled prefix) is characteristic. Compare אָכַל → הֶאֱכַל (hateph-seghol under א).
Imperfect (Yiqtol)
Diagnostic: Qibbuts under prefix consonant; composite shewa under R1
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-guttural (עמד) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
יֻקְטַל |
יֻעֲמַד |
Qibbuts under prefix יֻ; hateph-patach under ע |
| 3fs |
תֻּקְטַל |
תֻּעֲמַד |
|
| 2ms |
תֻּקְטַל |
תֻּעֲמַד |
|
| 2fs |
תֻּקְטְלִי |
תֻּעֲמְדִי |
|
| 1cs |
אֻקְטַל |
אֶעֱמַד |
Aleph prefix takes seghol before guttural |
| 3mp |
יֻקְטְלוּ |
יֻעֲמְדוּ |
|
| 3fp |
תֻּקְטַלְנָה |
תֻּעֲמַדְנָה |
|
| 2mp |
תֻּקְטְלוּ |
תֻּעֲמְדוּ |
|
| 2fp |
תֻּקְטַלְנָה |
תֻּעֲמַדְנָה |
|
| 1cp |
נֻקְטַל |
נֻעֲמַד |
|
Wayyiqtol
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-guttural (עמד) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
וַיֻּקְטַל |
וַיֻּעֲמַד |
Qibbuts under prefix; composite shewa under ע |
| 3fs |
וַתֻּקְטַל |
וַתֻּעֲמַד |
|
| 3mp |
וַיֻּקְטְלוּ |
וַיֻּעֲמְדוּ |
|
Weqatal
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-guttural (עמד) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
וְהָקְטַל |
וְהֶעֱמַד† |
וְ + Perfect form; seghol-he prefix retained |
| 3fs |
וְהָקְטְלָה |
וְהֶעֱמְדָה† |
|
| 2ms |
וְהָקְטַלְתָּ |
וְהֶעֱמַדְתָּ† |
|
| 3cp |
וְהָקְטְלוּ |
וְהֶעֱמְדוּ† |
|
Imperative
Diagnostic: Same form as Perfect 3ms; composite shewa under guttural R1
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-guttural (עמד) |
Notes |
| 2ms |
הָקְטַל |
הֶעֱמַד† |
Same form as Perfect 3ms and Inf. Construct |
| 2fs |
הָקְטְלִי |
הֶעֱמְדִי† |
Composite shewa under ע; shewa under מ |
| 2mp |
הָקְטְלוּ |
הֶעֱמְדוּ† |
|
| 2fp |
הָקְטַלְנָה |
הֶעֱמַדְנָה† |
|
Infinitive Construct
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-guttural (עמד) |
Notes |
| Base |
הָקְטַל |
הֶעֱמַד |
Same form as perfect 3ms; seghol-he prefix before ע |
| + לְ |
לְהָקְטַל |
לְהֶעֱמַד |
|
Infinitive Absolute
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-guttural (עמד) |
Notes |
| Standard |
הָקְטֵל |
הָעֲמֵד† |
Qamets under prefix he (cf. attested הָחֳרֵב, Isa 37:18); hateph-patach under ע; tsere under מ |
Attested: הָחֳרֵב (Hophal inf. abs. of חרב, Isa 37:18) confirms the qamets-he prefix for I-guttural Hophal inf. absolute. The hateph vowel under the guttural shifts to match the prefix class (hateph-qamets for ח; hateph-patach for ע).
Participle
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-guttural (עמד) |
Notes |
| ms |
מֻקְטָל |
מֻעֲמָד |
מֻ prefix; hateph-patach under ע; Qamets under R2 |
| fs |
מֻקְטֶלֶת |
מֻעֲמֶדֶת |
|
| mp |
מֻקְטָלִים |
מֻעֲמָדִים |
|
| fp |
מֻקְטָלוֹת |
מֻעֲמָדוֹת |
|
III-ח/ע (Lamed-Guttural) — Model Root שׁלח
Perfect (Qatal)
Diagnostic: Patach furtive before word-final ח or ע in open syllable
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-ח (שׁלח) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
הָקְטַל |
הֻשְׁלַח |
Final ח; Patach furtive when stressed open syllable |
| 3fs |
הָקְטְלָה |
הֻשְׁלְחָה |
Suffix closes syllable; no patach furtive |
| 2ms |
הָקְטַלְתָּ |
הֻשְׁלַחְתָּ |
|
| 2fs |
הָקְטַלְתְּ |
הֻשְׁלַחְתְּ |
|
| 1cs |
הָקְטַלְתִּי |
הֻשְׁלַחְתִּי |
|
| 3cp |
הָקְטְלוּ |
הֻשְׁלְחוּ |
|
| 2mp |
הָקְטַלְתֶּם |
הֻשְׁלַחְתֶּם |
|
| 2fp |
הָקְטַלְתֶּן |
הֻשְׁלַחְתֶּן† |
|
| 1cp |
הָקְטַלְנוּ |
הֻשְׁלַחְנוּ |
|
Imperfect (Yiqtol)
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-ח (שׁלח) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
יֻקְטַל |
יֻשְׁלַח |
Qibbuts prefix; Patach under R2; final ח |
| 3fs |
תֻּקְטַל |
תֻּשְׁלַח |
|
| 2ms |
תֻּקְטַל |
תֻּשְׁלַח |
|
| 2fs |
תֻּקְטְלִי |
תֻּשְׁלְחִי† |
Shewa under R2 before vocalic suffix |
| 1cs |
אֻקְטַל |
אֻשְׁלַח |
|
| 3mp |
יֻקְטְלוּ |
יֻשְׁלְחוּ |
|
| 3fp |
תֻּקְטַלְנָה |
תֻּשְׁלַחְנָה† |
Patach before ח retained; נָה suffix |
| 2mp |
תֻּקְטְלוּ |
תֻּשְׁלְחוּ† |
Same form as 3mp |
| 2fp |
תֻּקְטַלְנָה |
תֻּשְׁלַחְנָה† |
Same form as 3fp |
| 1cp |
נֻקְטַל |
נֻשְׁלַח |
|
Wayyiqtol
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-ח (שׁלח) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
וַיֻּקְטַל |
וַיֻּשְׁלַח† |
Qibbuts + doubled prefix; patach before ח |
| 3fs |
וַתֻּקְטַל |
וַתֻּשְׁלַח† |
|
| 3mp |
וַיֻּקְטְלוּ |
וַיֻּשְׁלְחוּ† |
|
Weqatal
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-ח (שׁלח) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
וְהָקְטַל |
וְהֻשְׁלַח† |
וְ + Perfect form; patach under R2 before final ח |
| 3fs |
וְהָקְטְלָה |
וְהֻשְׁלְחָה† |
|
| 2ms |
וְהָקְטַלְתָּ |
וְהֻשְׁלַחְתָּ† |
|
| 3cp |
וְהָקְטְלוּ |
וְהֻשְׁלְחוּ† |
|
Imperative
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-ח (שׁלח) |
Notes |
| 2ms |
הָקְטַל |
הֻשְׁלַח† |
Same form as Perfect 3ms; patach before final ח |
| 2fs |
הָקְטְלִי |
הֻשְׁלְחִי† |
Shewa under R2 before vocalic suffix |
| 2mp |
הָקְטְלוּ |
הֻשְׁלְחוּ† |
|
| 2fp |
הָקְטַלְנָה |
הֻשְׁלַחְנָה† |
|
Infinitive Construct
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-ח (שׁלח) |
Notes |
| Base |
הָקְטַל |
הֻשְׁלַח† |
Same form as Perfect 3ms; patach under R2; final ח does not alter the inf. construct pattern |
| + לְ |
לְהָקְטַל |
לְהֻשְׁלַח† |
|
Infinitive Absolute
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-ח (שׁלח) |
Notes |
| Standard |
הָקְטֵל |
הָשְׁלֵחַ |
Qamets prefix; tsere under R2; patach furtive before final ח |
Attested: הָמְלֵחַ (Hophal inf. abs. of מלח, Ezk 16:4) confirms qamets-he prefix (הָ), not Qibbuts. The Hophal infinitive absolute consistently takes qamets under the prefix across all verb classes.
Participle
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-ח (שׁלח) |
Notes |
| ms |
מֻקְטָל |
מֻשְׁלָח |
מֻ prefix; Qamets under R2; final ח (OT: Isa 27:10) |
| fs |
מֻקְטֶלֶת |
מֻשְׁלַחַת |
Patach furtive before ח; ת suffix |
| mp |
מֻקְטָלִים |
מֻשְׁלָחִים |
|
| fp |
מֻקְטָלוֹת |
מֻשְׁלָחוֹת† |
|
III-א (Lamed-Aleph) — Model Root מצא
Perfect (Qatal)
Diagnostic: Patach → Qamets before quiesced final א; silent א retained in spelling
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-א (מצא) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
הָקְטַל |
הֻמְצָא |
Qamets before silent final א (compensatory lengthening) |
| 3fs |
הָקְטְלָה |
הֻמְצְאָה |
|
| 2ms |
הָקְטַלְתָּ |
הֻמְצֵאתָ |
Tsere under R2 before consonantal suffixes |
| 2fs |
הָקְטַלְתְּ |
הֻמְצֵאת |
|
| 1cs |
הָקְטַלְתִּי |
הֻמְצֵאתִי |
|
| 3cp |
הָקְטְלוּ |
הֻמְצְאוּ |
|
| 2mp |
הָקְטַלְתֶּם |
הֻמְצֵאתֶם |
|
| 2fp |
הָקְטַלְתֶּן |
הֻמְצֵאתֶן† |
|
| 1cp |
הָקְטַלְנוּ |
הֻמְצֵאנוּ |
|
Imperfect (Yiqtol)
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-א (מצא) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
יֻקְטַל |
יֻמְצָא |
Qibbuts prefix; Qamets before silent final א |
| 3fs |
תֻּקְטַל |
תֻּמְצָא |
|
| 2ms |
תֻּקְטַל |
תֻּמְצָא |
|
| 2fs |
תֻּקְטְלִי |
תֻּמְצְאִי† |
Shewa under R2; א in pre-suffix position |
| 1cs |
אֻקְטַל |
אֻמְצָא |
|
| 3mp |
יֻקְטְלוּ |
יֻמְצְאוּ |
|
| 3fp |
תֻּקְטַלְנָה |
תֻּמְצֶאנָה† |
Seghol under R2 before נָה; quiescent א retained |
| 2mp |
תֻּקְטְלוּ |
תֻּמְצְאוּ† |
Same form as 3mp |
| 2fp |
תֻּקְטַלְנָה |
תֻּמְצֶאנָה† |
Same form as 3fp |
| 1cp |
נֻקְטַל |
נֻמְצָא |
|
Wayyiqtol
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-א (מצא / קרא) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
וַיֻּקְטַל |
וַיֻּמְצָא / וַיֻּקְרָא |
Qibbuts prefix; Qamets + silent א (Num 21:3: וַיִּקְרָא שֵׁם) |
| 3mp |
וַיֻּקְטְלוּ |
וַיֻּמְצְאוּ |
OT: 2 Chr 36:8 |
Weqatal
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-א (מצא) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
וְהָקְטַל |
וְהֻמְצָא† |
וְ + Perfect form; qamets before silent א |
| 3fs |
וְהָקְטְלָה |
וְהֻמְצְאָה† |
|
| 2ms |
וְהָקְטַלְתָּ |
וְהֻמְצֵאתָ† |
|
| 3cp |
וְהָקְטְלוּ |
וְהֻמְצְאוּ† |
|
Imperative
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-א (מצא) |
Notes |
| 2ms |
הָקְטַל |
הֻמְצָא† |
Same form as Perfect 3ms; qamets before silent א |
| 2fs |
הָקְטְלִי |
הֻמְצְאִי† |
Mobile shewa under R2; silent א before suffix |
| 2mp |
הָקְטְלוּ |
הֻמְצְאוּ† |
|
| 2fp |
הָקְטַלְנָה |
הֻמְצֶאנָה† |
Seghol under R2 before נָה; quiescent א retained |
Infinitive Construct
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-א (מצא) |
Notes |
| Base |
הָקְטַל |
הֻמְצָא† |
Same form as perfect 3ms; qamets before quiescent א |
| + לְ |
לְהָקְטַל |
לְהֻמְצָא† |
|
Infinitive Absolute
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-א (מצא) |
Notes |
| Standard |
הָקְטֵל |
הֻמְצֵא† |
Qibbuts prefix; tsere under R2; silent final א |
Participle
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-א (מצא) |
Notes |
| ms |
מֻקְטָל |
מֻמְצָא |
מֻ prefix; Qamets before silent final א |
| fs |
מֻקְטֶלֶת |
מֻמְצֵאת† |
Tsere under R2 before א + ת (cf. Qal fs מוֹצֵאת) |
| mp |
מֻקְטָלִים |
מֻמְצָאִים |
|
| fp |
מֻקְטָלוֹת |
מֻמְצְאוֹת† |
Mobile shewa under R2 before וֹת suffix |
III-ה (Lamed-He) — Model Root גלה
Perfect (Qatal)
Diagnostic: Perfect 3ms ends in ָה (Qamets + ה mater); Qibbuts prefix
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-ה (גלה) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
הָקְטַל |
הֻגְלָה |
Qibbuts prefix; Qamets + ה mater |
| 3fs |
הָקְטְלָה |
הֻגְלְתָה |
|
| 2ms |
הָקְטַלְתָּ |
הֻגְלֵיתָ |
|
| 2fs |
הָקְטַלְתְּ |
הֻגְלֵית |
|
| 1cs |
הָקְטַלְתִּי |
הֻגְלֵיתִי |
|
| 3cp |
הָקְטְלוּ |
הֻגְלוּ |
Plural suffix replaces ה (OT: Amos 1:6) |
| 2mp |
הָקְטַלְתֶּם |
הֻגְלֵיתֶם |
|
| 2fp |
הָקְטַלְתֶּן |
הֻגְלֵיתֶן† |
|
| 1cp |
הָקְטַלְנוּ |
הֻגְלֵינוּ |
|
Imperfect (Yiqtol)
Diagnostic: Ends in ֶה (Seghol + ה mater); Qibbuts prefix
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-ה (גלה) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
יֻקְטַל |
יֻגְלֶה |
Seghol + ה final |
| 3fs |
תֻּקְטַל |
תֻּגְלֶה |
|
| 2ms |
תֻּקְטַל |
תֻּגְלֶה |
|
| 2fs |
תֻּקְטְלִי |
תֻּגְלִי |
ה drops before vocalic suffixes |
| 1cs |
אֻקְטַל |
אֻגְלֶה |
|
| 3mp |
יֻקְטְלוּ |
יֻגְלוּ |
|
| 3fp |
תֻּקְטַלְנָה |
תֻּגְלֶינָה |
|
| 2mp |
תֻּקְטְלוּ |
תֻּגְלוּ |
|
| 2fp |
תֻּקְטַלְנָה |
תֻּגְלֶינָה |
Same form as 3fp |
| 1cp |
נֻקְטַל |
נֻגְלֶה |
|
Wayyiqtol
Diagnostic: Apocopated — final ה drops; form ends in R2 with short vowel
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-ה (גלה) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
וַיֻּקְטַל |
וַיֻּגֶל |
Apocopated; ה dropped; Seghol on R2 |
| 3fs |
וַתֻּקְטַל |
וַתֻּגֶל |
|
| 3mp |
וַיֻּקְטְלוּ |
וַיֻּגְלוּ |
|
Weqatal
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-ה (גלה) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
וְהָקְטַל |
וְהֻגְלָה† |
וְ + Perfect form; qamets-he ending retained |
| 3fs |
וְהָקְטְלָה |
וְהֻגְלְתָה† |
|
| 2ms |
וְהָקְטַלְתָּ |
וְהֻגְלֵיתָ† |
|
| 3cp |
וְהָקְטְלוּ |
וְהֻגְלוּ† |
|
Imperative
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-ה (גלה) |
Notes |
| 2ms |
הָקְטַל |
הֻגְלֵה† |
III-ה Imperative 2ms: tsere-he ending (cf. Qal גְּלֵה) |
| 2fs |
הָקְטְלִי |
הֻגְלִי† |
ה drops before vocalic suffix |
| 2mp |
הָקְטְלוּ |
הֻגְלוּ† |
|
| 2fp |
הָקְטַלְנָה |
הֻגְלֶינָה† |
|
Infinitive Construct
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-ה (גלה) |
Notes |
| Base |
הָקְטַל |
הֻגְלוֹת |
Ends in וֹת (standard III-ה infinitive suffix) |
| + לְ |
לְהָקְטַל |
לְהֻגְלוֹת |
|
Infinitive Absolute
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-ה (גלה) |
Notes |
| Standard |
הָקְטֵל |
הָגְלֵה |
Qamets prefix; tsere + ה mater |
Attested: הָפְדֵּה (Hophal inf. abs. of פדה, Lev 19:20) confirms qamets-he prefix (הָ) for III-ה Hophal infinitive absolute.
Participle
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal III-ה (גלה) |
Notes |
| ms |
מֻקְטָל |
מֻגְלֶה |
מֻ prefix; Seghol + ה final |
| fs |
מֻקְטֶלֶת |
מֻגְלֶה |
Same form (III-ה participle fs = ms in unbound state) |
| mp |
מֻקְטָלִים |
מֻגְלִים |
|
| fp |
מֻקְטָלוֹת |
מֻגְלוֹת† |
ה drops before וֹת suffix |
I-נ (Pe-Nun) — Model Root נגד
Perfect (Qatal)
Diagnostic: Dagesh forte in R2 (נ has assimilated); Qibbuts prefix
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-נ (נגד) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
הָקְטַל |
הֻגַּד |
Qibbuts prefix; נ assimilated → Dagesh forte in ג |
| 3fs |
הָקְטְלָה |
הֻגְּדָה |
|
| 2ms |
הָקְטַלְתָּ |
הֻגַּדְתָּ |
|
| 2fs |
הָקְטַלְתְּ |
הֻגַּדְתְּ |
|
| 1cs |
הָקְטַלְתִּי |
הֻגַּדְתִּי |
|
| 3cp |
הָקְטְלוּ |
הֻגְּדוּ |
|
| 2mp |
הָקְטַלְתֶּם |
הֻגַּדְתֶּם |
|
| 2fp |
הָקְטַלְתֶּן |
הֻגַּדְתֶּן† |
|
| 1cp |
הָקְטַלְנוּ |
הֻגַּדְנוּ |
|
Imperfect (Yiqtol)
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-נ (נגד) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
יֻקְטַל |
יֻגַּד |
Qibbuts prefix + Dagesh forte in R2; no trace of נ |
| 3fs |
תֻּקְטַל |
תֻּגַּד |
|
| 2ms |
תֻּקְטַל |
תֻּגַּד |
|
| 2fs |
תֻּקְטְלִי |
תֻּגְּדִי† |
Dagesh forte retained; mobile shewa before vocalic suffix |
| 1cs |
אֻקְטַל |
אֻגַּד |
|
| 3mp |
יֻקְטְלוּ |
יֻגְּדוּ |
|
| 3fp |
תֻּקְטַלְנָה |
תֻּגַּדְנָה† |
Dagesh forte in ג; patach before נָה |
| 2mp |
תֻּקְטְלוּ |
תֻּגְּדוּ† |
Same form as 3mp |
| 2fp |
תֻּקְטַלְנָה |
תֻּגַּדְנָה† |
Same form as 3fp |
| 1cp |
נֻקְטַל |
נֻגַּד |
|
Wayyiqtol
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-נ (נגד) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
וַיֻּקְטַל |
וַיֻּגַּד |
Qibbuts + Dagesh forte in R2 — the report formula (OT: Gen 22:20) |
| 3fs |
וַתֻּקְטַל |
וַתֻּגַּד |
|
| 3mp |
וַיֻּקְטְלוּ |
וַיֻּגְּדוּ |
|
Weqatal
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-נ (נגד) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
וְהָקְטַל |
וְהֻגַּד† |
וְ + Perfect form; dagesh forte in R2 retained |
| 3fs |
וְהָקְטְלָה |
וְהֻגְּדָה† |
|
| 2ms |
וְהָקְטַלְתָּ |
וְהֻגַּדְתָּ† |
|
| 3cp |
וְהָקְטְלוּ |
וְהֻגְּדוּ† |
|
Imperative
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-נ (נגד) |
Notes |
| 2ms |
הָקְטַל |
הֻגַּד† |
Same form as Perfect 3ms; dagesh forte in R2 |
| 2fs |
הָקְטְלִי |
הֻגְּדִי† |
Mobile shewa before vocalic suffix; dagesh forte retained |
| 2mp |
הָקְטְלוּ |
הֻגְּדוּ† |
|
| 2fp |
הָקְטַלְנָה |
הֻגַּדְנָה† |
|
Infinitive Construct
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-נ (נגד) |
Notes |
| Base |
הָקְטַל |
הֻגַּד† |
Same form as perfect 3ms; dagesh forte in ג |
| + לְ |
לְהָקְטַל |
לְהֻגַּד† |
|
Infinitive Absolute
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-נ (נגד) |
Notes |
| Standard |
הָקְטֵל |
הֻגֵּד |
Tsere under R2; Dagesh forte retained (OT: Jos 9:24; Isa 21:2) |
Participle
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-נ (נגד) |
Notes |
| ms |
מֻקְטָל |
מֻגָּד |
מֻ prefix; Dagesh forte in R2; Qamets under R2 |
| fs |
מֻקְטֶלֶת |
מֻגֶּדֶת† |
|
| mp |
מֻקְטָלִים |
מֻגָּדִים |
|
| fp |
מֻקְטָלוֹת |
מֻגָּדוֹת† |
|
I-י/ו (Pe-Yod/Vav) — Model Roots ילד, בוא
Perfect (Qatal)
Diagnostic: Shureq (וּ) under prefix he (הוּ-); R1 has quiesced; Patach or Qamets under R2
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-י (ילד) |
Hophal I-ו (בוא) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
הָקְטַל |
הוּלַד |
הוּבָא |
Shureq under הוּ; Pe-Yod/Vav quiesces |
| 3fs |
הָקְטְלָה |
הוּלְדָה |
הוּבְאָה |
|
| 2ms |
הָקְטַלְתָּ |
הוּלַדְתָּ |
הוּבֵאתָ |
|
| 2fs |
הָקְטַלְתְּ |
הוּלַדְתְּ† |
הוּבֵאת† |
|
| 1cs |
הָקְטַלְתִּי |
הוּלַדְתִּי |
הוּבֵאתִי |
|
| 3cp |
הָקְטְלוּ |
הוּלְדוּ |
הוּבְאוּ |
OT: Gen 43:18 (הוּבְאוּ) |
| 2mp |
הָקְטַלְתֶּם |
הוּלַדְתֶּם |
הוּבֵאתֶם |
|
| 2fp |
הָקְטַלְתֶּן |
הוּלַדְתֶּן† |
הוּבֵאתֶן† |
|
| 1cp |
הָקְטַלְנוּ |
הוּלַדְנוּ |
הוּבֵאנוּ |
|
Key: הוּ prefix (Shureq) under prefix he is the unambiguous I-י/ו Hophal marker in the Perfect.
Imperfect (Yiqtol)
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-י (ילד) |
Hophal I-ו (בוא) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
יֻקְטַל |
יוּלַד |
יוּבָא |
Shureq under imperfect prefix יוּ |
| 3fs |
תֻּקְטַל |
תּוּלַד |
תּוּבָא |
|
| 2ms |
תֻּקְטַל |
תּוּלַד |
תּוּבָא |
|
| 2fs |
תֻּקְטְלִי |
תּוּלְדִי† |
תּוּבְאִי† |
Shureq prefix retained; shewa under R2 |
| 1cs |
אֻקְטַל |
אוּלַד |
אוּבָא |
|
| 3mp |
יֻקְטְלוּ |
יוּלְדוּ |
יוּבְאוּ |
|
| 3fp |
תֻּקְטַלְנָה |
תּוּלַדְנָה† |
תּוּבֶאנָה† |
Patach under R2 before נָה; cf. attested תּוּבַלְנָה (יבל, Isa 55:12) |
| 2mp |
תֻּקְטְלוּ |
תּוּלְדוּ† |
תּוּבְאוּ† |
Same form as 3mp |
| 2fp |
תֻּקְטַלְנָה |
תּוּלַדְנָה† |
תּוּבֶאנָה† |
Same form as 3fp |
| 1cp |
נֻקְטַל |
נוּלַד |
נוּבָא |
|
Wayyiqtol
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-י (ילד) |
Hophal I-ו (בוא) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
וַיֻּקְטַל |
וַיּוּלַד |
וַיּוּבָא |
Doubled prefix + Shureq; Patach under R2 |
| 3fs |
וַתֻּקְטַל |
וַתּוּלַד |
וַתּוּבָא |
|
| 3mp |
וַיֻּקְטְלוּ |
וַיּוּלְדוּ |
וַיּוּבְאוּ |
|
Weqatal
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-י (ילד) |
Hophal I-ו (בוא) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
וְהָקְטַל |
וְהוּלַד† |
וְהוּבָא† |
וְ + Perfect form; Shureq prefix retained |
| 3fs |
וְהָקְטְלָה |
וְהוּלְדָה† |
וְהוּבְאָה† |
|
| 2ms |
וְהָקְטַלְתָּ |
וְהוּלַדְתָּ† |
וְהוּבֵאתָ† |
|
| 3cp |
וְהָקְטְלוּ |
וְהוּלְדוּ† |
וְהוּבְאוּ† |
|
Imperative
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-י (ילד) |
Hophal I-ו (בוא) |
Notes |
| 2ms |
הָקְטַל |
הוּלַד† |
הוּבָא† |
Same form as Perfect 3ms; Shureq prefix |
| 2fs |
הָקְטְלִי |
הוּלְדִי† |
הוּבְאִי† |
Shewa under R2 before vocalic suffix |
| 2mp |
הָקְטְלוּ |
הוּלְדוּ† |
הוּבְאוּ† |
|
| 2fp |
הָקְטַלְנָה |
הוּלַדְנָה† |
הוּבֶאנָה† |
|
Infinitive Construct
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-י (ילד) |
Hophal I-ו (בוא) |
Notes |
| Base |
הָקְטַל |
הוּלֶּדֶת |
הוּבָא† |
Attested: הוּלֶּדֶת (Ezk 16:4–5); dagesh forte in ל; -et suffix |
| + לְ |
לְהָקְטַל |
לְהוּלֶּדֶת |
לְהוּבָא† |
|
Infinitive Absolute
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-י (ילד) |
Hophal I-ו (בוא) |
Notes |
| Standard |
הָקְטֵל |
הוּלֵד† |
הוּבֵא† |
Tsere under R2; Shureq prefix |
Participle
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal I-י (ילד) |
Hophal I-ו (בוא) |
Notes |
| ms |
מֻקְטָל |
מוּלָד |
מוּבָא |
מוּ prefix (Shureq); Qamets under R2 |
| fs |
מֻקְטֶלֶת |
מוּלֶדֶת |
מוּבֵאת |
|
| mp |
מֻקְטָלִים |
מוּלָדִים |
מוּבָאִים |
|
| fp |
מֻקְטָלוֹת |
מוּלָדוֹת† |
מוּבָאוֹת† |
|
Biconsonantal (II-ו/י) — Model Roots קום, שׁוב
Perfect (Qatal)
Diagnostic: Shureq under הוּ prefix; only two root consonants (R1, R3) between prefix and suffix
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal Bicons. (קום) |
Hophal Bicons. (שׁוב) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
הָקְטַל |
הוּקַם |
הוּשַׁב |
Shureq prefix; Patach under R2 (R3 of root) |
| 3fs |
הָקְטְלָה |
הוּקְמָה |
הוּשְׁבָה |
|
| 2ms |
הָקְטַלְתָּ |
הוּקַמְתָּ |
הוּשַׁבְתָּ |
|
| 2fs |
הָקְטַלְתְּ |
הוּקַמְתְּ† |
הוּשַׁבְתְּ† |
|
| 1cs |
הָקְטַלְתִּי |
הוּקַמְתִּי |
הוּשַׁבְתִּי |
|
| 3cp |
הָקְטְלוּ |
הוּקְמוּ |
הוּשְׁבוּ |
|
| 2mp |
הָקְטַלְתֶּם |
הוּקַמְתֶּם |
הוּשַׁבְתֶּם |
|
| 2fp |
הָקְטַלְתֶּן |
הוּקַמְתֶּן† |
הוּשַׁבְתֶּן† |
|
| 1cp |
הָקְטַלְנוּ |
הוּקַמְנוּ |
הוּשַׁבְנוּ |
|
Imperfect (Yiqtol)
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal Bicons. (קום) |
Hophal Bicons. (שׁוב) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
יֻקְטַל |
יוּקַם |
יוּשַׁב |
Shureq under יוּ prefix; two root consonants |
| 3fs |
תֻּקְטַל |
תּוּקַם |
תּוּשַׁב |
|
| 2ms |
תֻּקְטַל |
תּוּקַם |
תּוּשַׁב |
|
| 2fs |
תֻּקְטְלִי |
תּוּקְמִי† |
תּוּשְׁבִי† |
Shewa under R2 before vocalic suffix |
| 1cs |
אֻקְטַל |
אוּקַם |
אוּשַׁב |
|
| 3mp |
יֻקְטְלוּ |
יוּקְמוּ |
יוּשְׁבוּ |
|
| 3fp |
תֻּקְטַלְנָה |
תּוּקַמְנָה† |
תּוּשַׁבְנָה† |
Patach under R2 before נָה |
| 2mp |
תֻּקְטְלוּ |
תּוּקְמוּ† |
תּוּשְׁבוּ† |
Same form as 3mp |
| 2fp |
תֻּקְטַלְנָה |
תּוּקַמְנָה† |
תּוּשַׁבְנָה† |
Same form as 3fp |
| 1cp |
נֻקְטַל |
נוּקַם |
נוּשַׁב |
|
Wayyiqtol
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal Bicons. (קום) |
Hophal Bicons. (שׁוב) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
וַיֻּקְטַל |
וַיּוּקַם |
וַיּוּשַׁב |
Doubled prefix + Shureq; two root consonants |
| 3fs |
וַתֻּקְטַל |
וַתּוּקַם |
וַתּוּשַׁב |
|
| 3mp |
וַיֻּקְטְלוּ |
וַיּוּקְמוּ |
וַיּוּשְׁבוּ |
|
Weqatal
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal Bicons. (קום) |
Hophal Bicons. (שׁוב) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
וְהָקְטַל |
וְהוּקַם† |
וְהוּשַׁב† |
וְ + Perfect form; Shureq prefix retained |
| 3fs |
וְהָקְטְלָה |
וְהוּקְמָה† |
וְהוּשְׁבָה† |
|
| 2ms |
וְהָקְטַלְתָּ |
וְהוּקַמְתָּ† |
וְהוּשַׁבְתָּ† |
|
| 3cp |
וְהָקְטְלוּ |
וְהוּקְמוּ† |
וְהוּשְׁבוּ† |
|
Imperative
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal Bicons. (קום) |
Hophal Bicons. (שׁוב) |
Notes |
| 2ms |
הָקְטַל |
הוּקַם† |
הוּשַׁב† |
Same form as Perfect 3ms; Shureq prefix |
| 2fs |
הָקְטְלִי |
הוּקְמִי† |
הוּשְׁבִי† |
Shewa under R2 before vocalic suffix |
| 2mp |
הָקְטְלוּ |
הוּקְמוּ† |
הוּשְׁבוּ† |
|
| 2fp |
הָקְטַלְנָה |
הוּקַמְנָה† |
הוּשַׁבְנָה† |
|
Infinitive Construct
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal Bicons. (קום) |
Hophal Bicons. (שׁוב) |
Notes |
| Base |
הָקְטַל |
הוּקַם† |
הוּשַׁב† |
Same form as perfect 3ms; Shureq prefix |
| + לְ |
לְהָקְטַל |
לְהוּקַם† |
לְהוּשַׁב† |
|
Infinitive Absolute
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal Bicons. (קום) |
Hophal Bicons. (שׁוב) |
Notes |
| Standard |
הָקְטֵל |
הוּקֵם† |
הוּשֵׁב† |
Tsere under R2; Shureq prefix |
Participle
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal Bicons. (קום) |
Hophal Bicons. (שׁוב) |
Notes |
| ms |
מֻקְטָל |
מוּקָם |
מוּשָׁב |
מוּ prefix (Shureq); Qamets under R2; two root consonants |
| fs |
מֻקְטֶלֶת |
מוּקֶמֶת† |
מוּשֶׁבֶת† |
Seghol under R2 before -ת suffix |
| mp |
מֻקְטָלִים |
מוּקָמִים |
מוּשָׁבִים |
|
| fp |
מֻקְטָלוֹת |
מוּקָמוֹת† |
מוּשָׁבוֹת† |
|
Geminate (Ayin-Doubled, II=III) — Model Root: קלל
Perfect (Qatal)
Diagnostic: Qibbuts under prefix (הֻ); Dagesh forte in R2 (= R3 written once)
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal Geminate (קלל) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
הָקְטַל |
הֻקַּל |
Qibbuts prefix; Dagesh in R2; short Patach |
| 3fs |
הָקְטְלָה |
הֻקְּלָה |
|
| 2ms |
הָקְטַלְתָּ |
הֻקַּלְתָּ |
|
| 2fs |
הָקְטַלְתְּ |
הֻקַּלְתְּ† |
|
| 1cs |
הָקְטַלְתִּי |
הֻקַּלְתִּי |
|
| 3cp |
הָקְטְלוּ |
הֻקְּלוּ |
|
| 2mp |
הָקְטַלְתֶּם |
הֻקַּלְתֶּם |
|
| 2fp |
הָקְטַלְתֶּן |
הֻקַּלְתֶּן† |
|
| 1cp |
הָקְטַלְנוּ |
הֻקַּלְנוּ |
|
Alternate Geminate Hophal pattern (Shureq variant): Some geminate roots use a Shureq prefix (הוּ-/יוּ-/מוּ-) throughout the Hophal instead of the Qibbuts+dagesh pattern shown above. For example, root סבב: Hophal perfect 3ms = הוּסַּב (attested: Judg 20:43); imperfect 3ms = יוּסַב; participle ms = מוּסַב. When this pattern is used, the perfect also takes hollow-type endings (ות-) for 2ms/2fs/1cs rather than the standard ת/תִּי endings. The Qibbuts+dagesh pattern (as above) and the Shureq pattern are both attested in the OT for different geminate roots. BBH teaches the Qibbuts+dagesh pattern as the standard for derived stems; be aware that some roots (particularly those with final labials like ב or מ) may appear with the Shureq pattern in your OT reading.
Imperfect (Yiqtol)
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal Geminate (קלל) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
יֻקְטַל |
יֻקַּל |
Qibbuts prefix + Dagesh forte in R2 |
| 3fs |
תֻּקְטַל |
תֻּקַּל |
|
| 2ms |
תֻּקְטַל |
תֻּקַּל |
|
| 2fs |
תֻּקְטְלִי |
תֻּקְּלִי† |
Dagesh forte retained; mobile shewa before vocalic suffix |
| 1cs |
אֻקְטַל |
אֻקַּל |
|
| 3mp |
יֻקְטְלוּ |
יֻקְּלוּ |
|
| 3fp |
תֻּקְטַלְנָה |
תֻּקַּלְנָה† |
Dagesh forte in R2; Patach before נָה |
| 2mp |
תֻּקְטְלוּ |
תֻּקְּלוּ† |
Same form as 3mp |
| 2fp |
תֻּקְטַלְנָה |
תֻּקַּלְנָה† |
Same form as 3fp |
| 1cp |
נֻקְטַל |
נֻקַּל |
|
Wayyiqtol
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal Geminate (קלל) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
וַיֻּקְטַל |
וַיֻּקַּל† |
Qibbuts + Dagesh forte in R2 |
| 3fs |
וַתֻּקְטַל |
וַתֻּקַּל† |
|
| 3mp |
וַיֻּקְטְלוּ |
וַיֻּקְּלוּ† |
|
Weqatal
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal Geminate (קלל) |
Notes |
| 3ms |
וְהָקְטַל |
וְהֻקַּל† |
וְ + Perfect form; Qibbuts prefix; Dagesh forte retained |
| 3fs |
וְהָקְטְלָה |
וְהֻקְּלָה† |
|
| 2ms |
וְהָקְטַלְתָּ |
וְהֻקַּלְתָּ† |
|
| 3cp |
וְהָקְטְלוּ |
וְהֻקְּלוּ† |
|
Imperative
| Person |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal Geminate (קלל) |
Notes |
| 2ms |
הָקְטַל |
הֻקַּל† |
Same form as Perfect 3ms; Qibbuts; Dagesh forte in R2 |
| 2fs |
הָקְטְלִי |
הֻקְּלִי† |
Mobile shewa before vocalic suffix; Dagesh forte retained |
| 2mp |
הָקְטְלוּ |
הֻקְּלוּ† |
|
| 2fp |
הָקְטַלְנָה |
הֻקַּלְנָה† |
|
Infinitive Construct
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal Geminate (קלל) |
Notes |
| Base |
הָקְטַל |
הֻקַּל† |
Same form as perfect 3ms; Dagesh forte retained |
| + לְ |
לְהָקְטַל |
לְהֻקַּל† |
|
Infinitive Absolute
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal Geminate (קלל) |
Notes |
| Standard |
הָקְטֵל |
הֻקֵּל† |
Tsere under R2; Dagesh retained |
Participle
| Form |
Hophal Strong (קטל) |
Hophal Geminate (קלל) |
Notes |
| ms |
מֻקְטָל |
מֻקָּל |
מֻ prefix; Dagesh forte in R2; Qamets under R2 |
| fs |
מֻקְטֶלֶת |
מֻקֶּלֶת† |
Seghol under R2 before -ת suffix |
| mp |
מֻקְטָלִים |
מֻקָּלִים† |
|
| fp |
מֻקְטָלוֹת |
מֻקָּלוֹת† |
|
Quick Reference: Prefix Vowel by Class
| Class |
Perfect prefix |
Participle prefix |
Distinguishing feature |
| Strong |
הָ / הֻ |
מֻ |
Standard u-class |
| I-guttural |
הֶ + composite |
מֻ + composite |
Composite shewa under R1; seghol-he prefix in perfect |
| III-ח/ע |
הֻ |
מֻ |
Patach furtive before final guttural |
| III-א |
הֻ → Qamets |
מֻ → Qamets |
Qamets before silent final א |
| III-ה |
הֻ + ָה |
מֻ + ֶה |
Contracted endings; apocopated wayyiqtol |
| I-נ |
הֻ + Dagesh |
מֻ + Dagesh |
Dagesh forte in R2 (נ assimilated) |
| I-י/ו |
הוּ (Shureq) |
מוּ (Shureq) |
Shureq replaces Qibbuts throughout |
| Biconsonantal |
הוּ (Shureq) |
מוּ (Shureq) |
Shureq; only 2 root consonants visible |
| Geminate |
הֻ + Dagesh |
מֻ + Dagesh |
Qibbuts prefix + Dagesh forte in R2 |
Inf. Absolute prefix rule: All Hophal classes except I-נ and I-י/ו use qamets-he (הָ) in the infinitive absolute — confirmed by attested forms הָחֳרֵב (I-guttural, Isa 37:18), הָמְלֵחַ (III-ח, Ezk 16:4), and הָפְדֵּה (III-ה, Lev 19:20). I-נ uses Qibbuts (הֻגֵּד, attested); I-י/ו and biconsonantal use Shureq (הוּ-).
See Ch28 Hophal Strong Paradigms for the full strong-root PGN tables.